Case Analysis Saku Essay - 779 Words

Case Write-Up: Saku Brewery Statement of the problem The case describes the situation of Saku Olletehase AS on the moment that the management team is discussing their product portfolio plan. Lately the sales of their flagship brand, Saku, fell from 48 per cent to 42.5 per cent of market share. During this decline of beer consumption, they have made gains with other alcoholic and none alcoholic beverages. At this point the management team has to decide upon how to proceed with their product portfolio. * Start exporting Saku to Finland * Shift focus to other alcoholic products with growing market demand, cider and long drinks * Shift focus more to bottled water or divest this product line (disappointing results) *†¦show more content†¦Applied on Saku the BCG matrix would be as following: The cash cow of Saku is clearly Saku beer since they are generating almost 80% of the sales. The stars or the beverages that are in the growth stage are the imported beers, the long drinks and the ciders. These are not yet creating a lot of cash flow but there is certainly an opportunity here to generate big cash flows from these product lines in the future. Mineral water is seen as the question mark, since this product line is expected to saturate and has been giving disappointing results. The soft drinks can be seen as the â€Å"dog† because for this product line there is already a mature player in the industry. Saku doesn’t have the means to compete with Coca-Cola and will probably not be able to increase its market share significantly.Show MoreRelatedPorters Five Forces in Beer Market75399 Words   |  302 PagesGOVERNANCE SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION Financial statements 68 169 70 140 CARLSBERG GROUP PARENT COMPANY CARLSBERG A/S 170 171 172 MANAGEMENT STATEMENT AUDITORS’ REPORT BOARD OF DIRECTORS This report is provided in Danish and in English. In case of any discrepancy between the two versions, the Danish wording shall apply. 4 Management review: CEO statement A new Carlsberg 2008 was a truly special year and marked a milestone in Carlsberg’s history. The acquisition of Scottish Newcastle

12 Quotations on Learning to Write by Reading

Read! Read! Read! And then read some more. When you find something that thrills you, take it apart paragraph by paragraph, line by line, word by word, to see what made it so wonderful. Then use those tricks the next time you write. That charge to young writers happens to come from novelist W.P. Kinsella, but in fact hes echoing centuries of good advice. Heres how 12 other authors, past and present, have stressed the importance of reading to a writers development. Read, Observe, and PracticeFor a man to write well, there are required three necessaries: to read the best authors, observe the best speakers, and much exercise of his own style.(Ben Jonson, Timber, or Discoveries, 1640)Exercise the MindReading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.(Richard Steele, The Tatler, 1710)Read the BestRead the best books first, or you may not have a chance to read them at all.(Henry David Thoreau, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, 1849)Imitate, Then DestroyWriting is a difficult trade which must be learned slowly by reading great authors; by trying at the outset to imitate them; by daring then to be original and by destroying ones first productions.(Attributed to Andrà © Maurois, 1885-1967)Read CriticallyWhen I was teaching writing —  and I still say it —  I taught that the best way to learn to write is by reading. Reading critically, noticing paragraphs that get the job done, how your favorite writers use verbs, all the u seful techniques. A scene catches you? Go back and study it. Find out how it works.(Tony Hillerman, quoted by G. Miki Hayden in Writing the Mystery: A Start-to-Finish Guide for Both Novice and Professional, 2nd ed. Intrigue Press, 2004)Read EverythingRead everything —  trash, classics, good and bad, and see how they do it. Just like a carpenter who works as an apprentice and studies the master. Read! Youll absorb it. Then write. If it is good, youll find out.(William Faulkner, interviewed by Lavon Rascoe for The Western Review, Summer 1951)Read Bad Stuff, TooIf you are going to learn from other writers dont only read the great ones, because if you do that youll get so filled with despair and the fear that youll never be able to do anywhere near as well as they did that youll stop writing. I recommend that you read a lot of bad stuff, too. Its very encouraging. Hey, I can do so much better than this. Read the greatest stuff but read the stuff that isnt so great, too. Great s tuff is very discouraging.(Edward Albee, quoted by Jon Winokur in Advice to Writers, 1999)Be a Voracious, Loving ReaderWhen you start reading in a certain way, thats already the beginning of your writing. Youre learning what you admire and youre learning to love other writers. The love of other writers is an important first step. To be a voracious, loving reader.(Tess Gallagher, quoted by Nicholas OConnell in At the Fields End: Interviews With 22 Pacific Northwest Writers, rev. ed., 1998)Tap Into the World ConsciousnessToo many writers are trying to write with too shallow an education. Whether they go to college or not is immaterial. Ive met many self-educated people who are much better read than I am. The point is that a writer needs a sense of the history of literature to be successful as a writer, and you need to read some Dickens, some Dostoyevsky, some Melville, and other great classics —  because they are part of our world consciousness, and the good writers tap into the world consciousness when they write.(James Kisner, quoted by William Safire and Leonard Safir in Good Advice on Writing, 1992)Listen, Read, and WriteIf you read good books, when you write, good books will come out of you. Maybe its not quite that easy, but if you want to learn something, go to the source. ... Dogen, a great Zen master, said, If you walk in the mist, you get wet. So just listen, read, and write. Little by little, you will come closer to what you need to say and express it through your voice.(Natalie Goldberg, Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within, rev ed., 2005)Read a Lot, Write a LotThe real importance of reading is that it creates an ease and intimacy with the process of writing; one comes to the country of the writer with ones papers and identification pretty much in order. Constant reading will pull you into a place (a mind-set, if you like the phrase) where you can write eagerly and without self-consciousness. It also offers you a constantly grow ing knowledge of what has been done and what hasnt, what is trite and what is fresh, what works and what just lies there dying (or dead) on the page. The more you read, the less apt you are to make a fool of yourself with your pen or word processor.  ...[R]ead a lot, write a lot is the great commandment.(Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft, 2000)And Have FunRead a lot. Write a lot. Have fun.(Daniel Pinkwater) For more specific suggestions on what to read, visit our reading list: 100 Major Works of Modern Creative Nonfiction.

The Treatment Of Women Has Changed Dramatically - 1194 Words

The treatment of women has changed dramatically. In the field of theology and biblical interpretation the treatment of women has done almost a 180. In the past years women were treated much differently within theology. In the 2000 Madeleva Lecture Sandra Schneiders said: Prior to 1943†¦Catholic women were not allowed to study theology. Today, not sixty years later, women are still excluded from ordained ministry in the Catholic Church but have equaled or outnumbered men students in graduate programs in theology. (Schneiders 34) This presence of women in theology is a dramatic change since women were not even allowed to study and now the women enrolled exceeds men. Furthermore: The recently established Distinguished Catholic Women Theologians Lectureship at Boston College is further recognition that women are no longer an exception or a curiosity but an important and distinctive voice in the professional theological conversation. (35) This lectureship at a well-known Jesuit institution recognizes the value of women in theology. Many women have also entered the field of feminism scholarship. To name a few, Elisabeth Schà ¼ssler Fiorenza, Catherine LaCugna, Elizabeth A. Johnson, and Rosemary Radford Ruether. These women have made major contributions to theology (35). In The Gospel of John we find the story of Jesus meeting a Samaritan woman at a well. Jesus asks for a drink of water and this begins a discussion between the two about the difference of the water in theShow MoreRelated Cultural and gender comparison of Russia and the US Essay777 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender roles in Russia have dramatically changed since the fall of the former Soviet Union and the fall of communism. It is hard to look directly at the constitution of Russia seeing as though the drafting and redrafting of their constitution is still underway. However, looking at the constitution of the former Soviet Union, y ou can see it is clearly stated that: â€Å"Women and men have equal rights.† It is very clear that in the Soviet Union they were trying to make it so that women and men were equal. ItRead MoreSupreme Court Rulings : Three Beneficial Cases1541 Words   |  7 PagesSupreme Court Rulings: Three Beneficial Cases Injustice is a concept that can be defined as the violation of the rights of others, or the unfair action or treatment of an individual. Society in particular sees unjust actions all the time, and most people would even go as far as describing society as biased. Sometimes, there are specific instances that occur that can teach society as a whole a lesson of righteousness and justice; and in this case, these instances are landmark Supreme Court rulingsRead MoreAppendix H1405 Words   |  6 PagesAppendix H Student Name ETH/125 Due Date Instructor’s Name Site Image Thoughts National Organization for Women This site is dedicated to the women’s rights movement, covering such issues as ending sex discrimination, stopping violence against women, promoting diversity, and ending racism. I was very pleased to find this movement covers such a wide variety of issues we face in today’s society. American Civil Liberties Union This site is dedicated to an America free of discriminationRead MoreThe Change of USA During the Second World War Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesWar, American society changed in various ways. Though some things good, a lot of things also got worse. In this essay I will try to explain how and what exactly happened during and after the Second World War. Women’s lives changed dramatically during the war but got no better after it. Before the US entered the conflict, women were portrayed as being basic house wives who did not work or do anything other than look after their husband. This changed a lot after the AmericanRead MoreA Feminist View On Gender Equality997 Words   |  4 Pages Women have been fighting for equality in sport since the late nineteenth century and continue to do so today. â€Å"No person in the United states shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance†(Patricia, 1977, p.15). Title IX was introduced in the early 1970’s in the United States and has been effective in the sphere of education and sport for theRead More The Rise Of Women In France Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise of Women in French Society nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the Middle Ages, French society, along with the rest of Europe, revolved around the warrior class. In order to gain land and power nobles gave their services in the military and lived violent lifestyles. Treatment toward women during this period was harsh. quot;In a society of landed nobility dispersed fairly loosely across the country in their castles and estates, the likelihood of a preponderance of the man overRead MoreThe Suicide And New Jersey1107 Words   |  5 PagesJersey has had the lowest suicide rate in the nation for several years. However, according to data released by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide has risen to its highest levels within the last three decades. In 2012, New Jersey has had the lowest suicide rate as stated by the CDR, but they have been increasing dramatically. Suicide has increased by thirteen percent and there are 8.8 deaths in every 100,000 people in New Jersey alone. Most recent suicide records fro m 2014 has shownRead MoreWorld War I and the Progressive Movement822 Words   |  3 Pagespower, rather than the public being in control, which made a negative effect on society. During the progressive movement the African American communities were still living as the run-down of society. They were being accountable to unfair treatments that included executions, segregation from public spaces, not allowed to take part in any political issues, and not admitted proper healthcare, education or housing. Washington focused more on the education of African Americans, while Do Bois hassledRead MoreEssay On Australian Health Care1125 Words   |  5 Pages The Country of Australia has different medical techniques and traditions than the United States. The Australian healthcare is mostly made up of private medical practitioners or by the government-operated hospitals. The cost of the services is paid by private insurance or government agencies. The Australian government provides its people with Medicare. They have a medical visa for anyone outside of Australia. To be eligible for this visa you have to have a medical procedure in Australia, becomingRead MoreWomens Rights Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesRights Should all women be equal to their status, opportunities and rights? Every woman should have the ability to express their freedoms and rights, deserve equal treatment within their society and region, and every country needs to reinforce the rules for women. There is no dignity and respect for women universally. Gender equality is still out of reach for many women worldwide. Presently, women have gained legal rights throughout the world. The women’s rights movement changed society into what

Describe theories relating to personality and how they affect sports performance. Evaluate critically, personality profiling in sport free essay sample

There are varying theories relating to personality, with each theory giving a different viewpoint on how personality affects sporting performance. One of these theories is the Trait Theory (Eysenck) which originally stated that there were only two personality types (introvert and extrovert) but over time realised that this limited the theory and introduced two more personality traits (stable and neurotic). Each one of these personality types has its own unique affect on a sports performance. An introvert for example is seen to be shy and tends to choose a solo sport, and this sport is likely to be one that contains small muscle movements such as darts. This personality trait would affect sporting performance if the performer was performing in a team game, the lack of confidence may put them off their game or they may not even get involved. Extroverts on the other hand tend to be confident and are most often found within team games, this trait can also lead to hot headedness and therefore deteriorate their performance in sport as they are no longer concentrated on the task at hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe theories relating to personality and how they affect sports performance. Evaluate critically, personality profiling in sport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can also be said when they have to partake in a sport that involves small muscle movements (as extroverts tend to sway towards the use of large muscle movements) if they’re unable to perform the task at hand they may become aggressive and thus their performance will decrease. One further trait Eysenck indentified was a stable performer; a stable performer tends to be more laid back and has an even temper. In a performance situation this could lead to either laziness or complacency, with their mind wandering off task. The final personality trait Eysenck identified is a neurotic performer; a neurotic performer tends to get anxious more easily then the other personality traits and is highly aroused during sport. This trait in a sporting performance can lead to aggression (due to the high level of arousal) and even poor performance if the anxiousness overwhelms the performer. An opposing theory is the Social learning theory (Bandura). The social learning theory states that all behavior is learned by way of environmental experiences and through the influence of other people (role models). This theory can lead to both positive and negative affects on a sports performance. For example a sports performer who watches a more experienced player may copy the approach taken by the more experienced player possibly leading to an eventual improvement in his or her own level of skill. This can also be spun on its head though, if a performer is watching (football for example) and witnesses a player successfully dive this might cause the performer to try and replicate this negative action leading to a decline in performance. One final theory relating to personality is the interactionist theory; this theory states that personality has three levels that interact to form an individual’s personality and is based on the work of Hollander (1967). This theory describes how a person’s typical responses change according to varying environmental situations, therefore meaning behaviour becomes unpredictable. This theory also explains why a performers personality can change depending on the situation they’re placed in. When combined with Eysenck’s trait theory this becomes easier to explain how personality affects sports performance. An example of this would be that a person in day to day life could be seen as introverted, but when they partake in sport their traits can change and they can become and extrovert based on the situation they are place in e. g. a football match. This personality change can also have a negative affect upon a sporting performance; if the personality change is the ‘wrong’ type of change (say the performer becomes very aggressive very quickly) then their performance can vary wildly leading to inconsistency. Personality profiling in sport can have benefits in finding the correct sportsman/woman to fit a sport leading to them possibly excelling in said sport. For example if (after taking Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire-EPQ) it gave you a specific sport that you would excel in due to you having the correct personality traits it could lead to you having both a passion for the sport and then in tern performing very well in the sport possibly leading you to the elite standard. On the other hand though, the EPQ may lead to a performer not trying other sports as they have been told their personality doesn’t match the sport. As the EPQ doesn’t take into account Hollander’s interactionist approach it can be flawed. Without taking into account a personalities ability to change it becomes impossible to categorise a person’s personality.

Street Gangs Essay Example

Street Gangs Essay A street gang is a group of young people, with a common identity, and mainly engages in criminal activities.   Most members in a street gang are between the ages of 11 and 21.   These cohesive groups have a recognizable geographical territory, a leadership, levels of organized continuous criminal activities and a purpose.   The street gangs have a common identifying symbol and a known leadership who associate themselves with criminal activities. These groups have a very close relationship and they support one another in their delinquent behaviours. Street gangs may have the commission of one or more criminal acts including murder, firearms or explosives violations, obstruction of justice, narcotics distribution and other violent offenses such as carjacking, assault, burglary and threats. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). For a gang to be identified as a street gang it must have engaged in a collective of criminal activities.   Street gangs may be traditional, national, ethnic or geographical affiliated. These young adults use group intimidation and violence to perform criminal activities in order to earn power and control over certain activities.   These groups are usually unpredictable and unstructured.   Their activities sometimes have no financial gain or a hidden motive. In America, gang activity started in New York during the 19th century.   These gangs erupted form poor sections of the city and they were formed on strong ethnic identities, usually Irish.   Five paints is an example of a gang that was formed during this period.   They robbed, mugged and fought with others gangs.   During the 20th century, street gang activity became rampant although they were making composed of black or Hispanic origin.   During the 1950s and 1960s, those street gangs were found in major cities with European gangs vanishing. We will write a custom essay sample on Street Gangs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Street Gangs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Street Gangs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Narcotics and firearms became very prevalent in the 1970s and 1980’s.   Those two items attracted more teenagers to join the street gangs.   Firearms made street gangs more violent and increased criminal activities during that period. (Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., Tobin, K. (2003). Street gangs were formed initially for self –protection of family and friends within the same neighbourhood but later progressed to criminal acts that provided a source of income.   Street gangs from different neighbourhool or ethnic groups have been involved in several violence acts against each other to gain power or control over a certain activity. Gangs form the same neighbourhoods have also been involved in vivacity and violence. The first original street gang was formed by a group of students as an informal sports organization in 1970.   The groups name as founded on the address where they lived.   In Chicago the first gangs were formed on ethnic lives by the volunteers of five departments.   The different department of five fighters competed against each other and formed gangs that were later taken to the street.   During the early 20th century, polish and Italian gangs became the most common in Chicago. European – American street gangs were formed in 1780s by young people who were sported hanging out on street corners.   These gangs were formed to protect their neighbor hoods from their rivals.   These groups basically fought for control over street corners and other open lots.   This is where they held their meetings.   The gangs, however, were not based on ethnicity because the same neighbourhood could have a host of nationalities.   These gangs emerged in cities where poor communities lives together. Young adults joined a street gang in order to feel a sense of belonging.   A gong promised to give its members identity. Belonging, wealth, discipline and drugs.   Other young people join the gangs out of fear and intimidations from their peers. (Duffy, M. P. Gillig, S. E. (Eds.). (2004). Street gangs are divided in three major groups based on location, activities and entry requirements.   Ethnic gangs are based on nationality or race of the members. Most ethnic gangs unite on the basis of the ethnicities they hate.   The skinhead gangs and Neo-Nazi gangs both have hatred for Jews, blacks and non-protestant Christians.   Turf gangs are defined by the territories depending on the location of the neighbourhood.   The gangs name themselves by the areas they control and punish gangs that wander into their territory.   These territory barriers have been the cause of many rivalry and violence between street gangs. Prison gangs are formed when members of a street gang are arrested and taken to prison. Members from the same street gang may form a common gang or join other larger street gangs in the prison. Gang members attract children and young teenagers by showing off their lucrative lifestyles and amounts of money. These street gangs recruit young children who are unsuspecting to use them for trafficking drugs and carrying weapons, because they do not attract much attention form the police.   Street gangs recruit their members by performing an initiation; new members have to endure some rites which include â€Å"Jumping in†.   This is when a new member is beaten up by all old gang members.   The new members can also be told to participate in a mission such as steering or killing someone.   Some street gangs have a tattoo gang symbols which new members are required to get. The lifestyle of street gang members involve drinking and doing drugs, hanging around the neighbourhood and sleeping late at night.   During their meetings street gangs sell drugs and commit crimes like breaking stores and theft.   Street gangs believe that to gain power and respect they must commit violent crimes.   Street gangs have signs and ways of identifying themselves and these include similar modes of dressing or having a particular gang colour.   For example the vice Lord’s wear black as their symbol. Street gangs have their own graffiti which symbolize them.   They make these graffiti all around their neighbourhoods to mark heir territories. Street gang believes that invading another gang’s territory and marking it with their symbol or oven destroying their symbol is unforgivable and it calls for war.   Gangs that want to street gangs have hand signals which signify gang membership and loyalty. Graffiti is the commonest way of gang members to communicate.   Graffiti provides adequate information about a gang’s membership and the gang’s growth.   Many street gangs refer to graffiti as their newspaper for communicating messages, warnings or announcements.   Some gangs use secret codes and alphabets as their symbols which can only be interpreted by gang members. (Tovares, R. D. (2002). Tattoos are a common practice used among street gangs to show their membership.   These tattoos are adopted as a way of expressing loyalty to the gang.   All street gangs today are involved in drug trafficking.   Gang members sell drugs and alcohol to earn income.   They are also involved in acts of violence such as robbery and theft.   Members of street gangs are involved in drug abuse activities apart form seeking them   in fact the commonest practice among street gangs is trafficking and use of drugs, street gangs have started recruiting young children to traffic drugs and carry firearms and weapons because, the police do not suspect children much. Street gangs have initiations which are used to recruit new members into the gang.   These initiation ceremonies involve violent acts, where new members are beaten up by all old gang members.   These initiations are very brutal and may result to death or permanent injury.   Some street gangs do not accept a new member, unless he has killed someone or stolen a car.   For women and young girls to be accepted in a street gang, they are forced to have sex with the men in the gangs and other times they are raped.   Just like getting into a gang is difficult, getting out is more difficult and a gang member may be killed on deciding to leave the gang. Some street gang practices are very brutal and heartless. Gang members aim at leaving permanent scares on their victims.   One merciless practice performed by street gangs is the ‘Buck 50’, in this practice a member will slash another person’s face deeply, usually requiring around 50 stitches to repair. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs are highly concentrated in large urban areas. Those urban areas provide a conducive environment for gang activity.   The activity includes drug trafficking, selling firearms, stealing cars and robberies.   In the urban areas different street gangs will fight for control of a particular street corners which is well hidden form the activities.   Street gangs are righting populated in areas overwhelmed by poverty in the urban areas.   Street gangs usually originated from slum areas or less developed areas.   The youth in a certain neighbourhood may decide to form a gang with the innocent intention that they gang will be used to protect its members and also be a source of income. Street gangs can also be formed by teenagers in schools.   Schools that are found in highly populated cities stricken with poverty have a high tendency of forming street gangs.   Schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in rural areas.   School children in urban areas are used to traffic drugs by drug peddlers in the cities and as a result they accumulate the children in the street gangs.   Belonging to street gang is a major achievement for school going children.   They feel they have power and control by assessing drugs in schools.   Being in contact with the known drug peddlers also makes them respect among their colleagues. The MS-B street gang is the most violent street gang in the United States today.   It is mainly composed of Mexican nationals.   It is also the most largest street gang in the united state.   The 18th street gang is also a well known street gang in the United States which used violence and intimidation to spread narcotics its territory. Mara Salvatrucha is a street gang which is not afraid or intimidated easily by the authority.   This gang has been responsible for shooting several law enforcement offices and executing federal agents who interfere with its activities. Black gangster disciples, vice lords and Almighty Latin kings all based in Chicago are very notorious in drug trafficking.   They are known to use violence to control their territories and spread drugs and firearms.   Other notorious gangs in the united state include Hoover crisp, bounty Hunter Bloods and Rolling 60s crisp.   Those street gangs have very well structured organizations in their drug operation. (Wiener, V. (1999).   These organizations involve the authority and become very difficult to penetrate and break.   The organization mainly involves young adults who are used to channel profits to the top of the organization.   What makes the street gangs lucrative is the thousand of outlet in major neighbourhoods, millions of potential new customers and the always readily available jobs. Street gangs have caused a lot of violence among the public and disrupted so man lives. Robbery, carjacking, mobbing, vandalizing are some of the activities performed by these gangs.   Ã‚   Street gangs have rules among them that warn against trusting the future. Their unconcern for personal safety and other delinquent behaviors are weak concepts of future stability. Street gang members are ware that any thing can erupt without warning but still they lack any future expectations. Control or be controlled is another rule used by street gang members. They believe in respect and that one has to control another person and gain respect or be controlled by the other person and respect them. Gang members will use money, violence and disrespect the authority to gain control over a territory. This rule implies people outside the gang to mimic the lifestyle of gang members. It also inspires gang members to use abuse and violence and protect their geographical territory. This rule of control or be controlled has also created very stable relationships in a gang. Street gangs have a rule that enable them to treat insiders and outsiders differently. Members of the same gang use symbols like graffiti, similar ways of dressing, hand signals and a common language for identity. This enables them to distinguish the insider from the outsider. Street gangs use this rule to create identity, belonging, security and acceptance. It also brings unity and loyalty in the gang because they express their frustration and anger on the outsiders. Most street gangs are unsophisticated with a structure that is more horizontal than vertical. The characteristics of street gangs are very exposing. Their leadership is more expected and their ways to resolve conflicts is based on power and revenge. Street gangs have been categorized in three major groups. These include first generation gangs, second generation gangs and third generation gangs. The first generation gangs are based on territories and turfs. Their main concern is to protect their neighborhoods and gain small petty cash.   This category of street gangs rarely engages in criminal acts but when they do, they base it on locality and societal violence. The second generation of street gangs is usually business oriented. Their main aim is business and commercial gain. Unlike the first generations that has a loose leadership; the leadership in second generation is more sophisticated and centralized. Members target more on drug trafficking. These gangs extend their operations beyond their neighborhoods and cities and use high violence to control and protect their markets. Second Generation Street gangs use violence to incapacitate law enforcement efforts that are directed against them and as a result they have brought in security in communities. They are also known to be involved with larger transnational criminal organizations. Third Generation Street gangs are larger with broader drug markets and more sophisticated criminal organizations. These gangs have broader political objectives and acquire political control over areas of their interest that the poorly governed. Control of political powers provides security and freedom of the gang activities. The gang leaders in these gangs act more like warlords or drug barons because they gain control of a specific political region and as a result take treasures to protect the gang’s movement’s and activities. The third generation street gangs have succeeded in reconstructing a nation’s government politically, socially and economically. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs have caused a lot of havoc in the society by bringing violence, drug trafficking, recruitment of young children and political assassinations.

Definition and Examples of Aspect in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Aspect in English Grammar In English grammar, aspect is a verb form (or category) that indicates time-related characteristics, such as the completion, duration, or repetition of an action. (Compare and contrast with tense.) When used as an adjective, its  aspectual. The word comes from Latin, meaning how [something] looks The two primary aspects in English are the perfect (sometimes called perfective) and the progressive (also known as the continuous form). As illustrated below, these two aspects may be combined to form the perfect progressive. In English, aspect is expressed by means of particles, separate verbs, and verb phrases. Examples and Observations Perfect AspectThe perfect aspect describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present. The perfect aspect is formed with has, have, or had the past participle. It occurs in two forms:​ Perfect Aspect, Present Tense:History has remembered the kings and warriors, because they destroyed; art has remembered the people, because they created.(William Morris, The Water of the Wondrous Isles, 1897)​ Perfect Aspect, Past Tense:At fifteen life had taught me undeniably that surrender, in its place, was as honorable as resistance, especially if one had no choice. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969) Progressive AspectThe progressive aspect usually describes an event that takes place during a limited time period. The progressive aspect is made up of a form of be the -ing form of the main verb.​ Progressive Aspect, Present Tense:Shes loyal and is trying to wear her thin flippy hair in cornrows.(Carolyn Ferrell, Proper Library, 1994) Progressive Aspect, Past Tense:I was reading the dictionary. I thought it was a poem about everything. (Steven Wright) The Difference Between Tense and AspectTraditionally . . . both aspects [perfect and progressive] are treated as part of the tense system in English, and mention is made of tenses such as the present progressive (e.g. We are waiting), the present perfect progressive (e.g. We have been waiting), and the past perfect progressive (e.g. We had been waiting), with the latter two combining two aspects. There is a distinction to be made, however, between tense and aspect. Tense is concerned with how time is encoded in the grammar of English, and is often based on morphological form (e.g. write, writes, wrote); aspect is concerned with the unfolding of a situation, and in English is a matter of syntax, using the verb be to form the progressive, and the verb have to form the perfect. For this reason combinations like those above are nowadays referred to as constructions (e.g. the progressive construction, the present perfect progressive construction). (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) present perfect progressive: God knows how long Ive been doing it. Have I been talking out loud? past perfect progressive: He had been keeping it in a safety deposit box at the Bank of America. For months she had been waiting for that particular corner location. Present Perfect Progressive and Past Perfect ProgressiveThe perfect aspect most often describes events or states taking place during a preceding time. The progressive aspect describes an event or state of affairs in progress or continuing. Perfect and progressive aspect can be combined with either present or past tense...Verb phrases can be marked for both aspects (perfect and progressive) at the same time: The perfect progressive aspect is rare, occurring usually in the past tense in fiction. It combines the meaning of the perfect and the progressive, referring to a past situation or activity that was in progress for a period of time. (Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman, 2002)

Financial crises between 2007 2010 (about Dubai) Essay

Financial crises between 2007 2010 (about Dubai) - Essay Example Buildings like the Burj Khalifa remained largely unoccupied. In 2009, Dubai suggested that it may not be able to pay the impending six month interest payments on its loans. Abu Dhabi then came to its rescue with a $ 10 billion bailout. In the year 2009, Dubai stumbled into a debt crisis. During the years of economic boom before 2008, the investment arm of Dubai, Dubai World had borrowed heavily. It had racked up more than $ 59 billion in debt. Dubai World had borrowed hugely to invest in lavish projects in Dubai. These included Las Vegas casino style glittering properties and a giant island that was shaped like a palm tree; besides the tallest building in the world: the Burj Khalifa. Nakheel is the real estate developer owned by Dubai World, the investment arm of the state of Dubai. Prominent among the constructions of Nakheel are palm-shaped islands and the Atlantis Hotel. $ 3.52 billion of the Islamic bonds of Nakheel also became due and Nakheel had no liquidity to pay them off. It was part of one of the largest tranches of Islamic bonds that Nakheel had sold to Western investors (Landon Thomas Junior, 2009). The investors had no idea that Dubai was facing a risk of default. A week before Dubai announced its possible incapacity to pay the interests on bonds, the bonds were trading at a 10% premium on their face value. After the announcement they were trading at a discount of 50% on their face value. The total debt of Dubai is distributed among a number of different state owned companies. Majority of these companies are owned by the three main investment arms of the state of Dubai. These three investment arms are: When the global financial crisis started and the property market in United States and around the world crashed, Dubai found itself left with an abundance of costly real estate that no one wanted to buy or rent. Dubai had to request that the impending six