Using Alternative Dispute Resolution ( Adr ) - 2199 Words

There is a growing interest in the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) for certain scenarios instead of litigation. Of course ADR cannot replace formal processes, but it can be applied in situations that would prove more beneficial than in the court system. For example, the use of family dispute resolution (FDR) in family conflicts whereby the conflict involves children. There is legislation that requires these disputes to undergo FDR with a legitimate effort of dispute resolution before they can file for parenting orders in court (Attorney-General’s Department, n.d.). It also includes situations where individuals want to change a current parent order. There are however exceptions to this law where cases are involved with child†¦show more content†¦All government funded FDR services must employ a fees policy that considers the capacity in which a client can pay. For example, Family Relationship centres take into account an individual’s gross annual inco me and thus determine the fees proportionate to this. The first hour of FDR is always free. If an individual has a gross annual income of $50,000 or above, then they will be charged an hourly rate of $30 for FDR services (Family Relationships Online, 2011). If the client is earning below the amount and receive government health and social security benefits, then they are offered the second and third hour of services free. Furthermore it is encouraged that you should notify your FDR service provider if you are experiencing financial difficulties or on a low income. This allows for all individuals regardless of their earnings, to a time efficient and low to no cost option for family related disputes. It was mentioned earlier that a strength of FDR is that it is less adversarial option. Taking the less adversarial approach in family disputes can help preserve relationships for those involved which is important to them. This is because of its facilitative nature, unlike litigation which takes on an adversarial approach. FDR grants an opportunity for parties to work together and find a solution to the common problem (Jurinski, n.d.) The adversarial system does not provide this quality. And lastly it was noted earlier that FDR is a time efficient option.

Understanding Contemporary Leisure Essay - 649 Words

Cultural, societal and technological movements in America defined leisure as we know it today. All facets of life including religion, education and government played a part in shaping modern leisure. Several events in particular played a major role: the philosophical views of ancient Greece, the shifts in religious beliefs during the Protestant Reformation, the major technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution, and the overall rapid growth of society during the early 1900s. Through these events, leisure played drastically different roles but its significance was apparent and we can still feel its influences today. To gain a better understanding of contemporary leisure, it helps to take a look at its origins during the†¦show more content†¦In order to achieve this freedom, Aristotle believed man should be a balance of many facets of Greek life. The ideal man was a balanced artist, musician, soldier and philosopher. Education and time spent in these areas created a better citizen in Aristotle’s eyes. Although leisure was described as a state of contentment, Aristotle did classify music and contemplation as leisure activities. Music was a focal point of Greek culture and defined its citizens. Plato is noted as explaining that, whomever cannot hold his place in the chorus, is not really an educated man (De Grazia, 1962, p. 15). Similar to music, contemplation was a highly regarded activity in an educated man. Aristotle believed that happiness extended only so far as contemplation did (p. 18). Contemplation, happiness, and leisure were intertwined and created the holistic individua l and society the Greeks strived for. Based on this idea of balance, Aristotle’s teachings seem to relate to a more affluent audience. He tends to focus on the elite of society and the men that had the money and time to focus themselves on the different areas Aristotle claimed would profit their lives. His teachings may not have been applicable to the Greek working class. In contemporary society, individuals of all classes strive to reach the similar goals of freedom and happiness that Aristotle defined. Modern society strives to engage in activities that give them the most pleasure. However, theShow MoreRelated Margit Stange’s Literary Criticism of Chopin’s The Awakening808 Words   |  4 Pagesseries of meaningful connections between Kate Chopin’s dramatization of Edna Pontellier’s â€Å"awakening† and the historical context of feminist thought which Stange believes influenced the novel. Part of understanding Edna’s motives and Chopin’s thinking are Stangeâ€⠄¢s well-chosen references to the contemporary ideology that shapes Edna’s thinking and her choices. 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More specifically psychology and how body image and cyber bullying can impact leisure participation, along with sociologyRead MoreThe Cultural Analysis Of Outdoor Leisure Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Outdoor Leisure in the Select Field Cities 1. Introduction In the last chapter, the development of outdoor leisure practices in the selected cities is in tamed with the transformations of Chinese government economic strategies. With increasing disposable money, overall increased spare time compared with Maoist era, health conscious as well as the negative consequences caused by modernization in terms of high pressure of working condition with high trade-off leisure time, psychic tensionsRead MoreSports As An Element Of Culture1494 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand contemporary society without acknowledging the place of sports (Jarvie 2006:2). 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Environment free essay sample

â€Å"Road salt† is a common term used for some chloride salts, including sodium chloride (NaCl), which are used as de-icing agents on roads. The application of these de-icers on roads and other impervious surfaces in North America during winter months was in practice since the 1960s. The amount of snow fall is so high in these areas that snow and ice management becomes very essential to prevent road accidents, to maintain a continuous flow of traffic and to ensure safe pedestrian travel during winter months. Sodium chloride is the most commonly used de-icing agent (Road salting). Sometimes, it can be used along with some anti-caking agents like sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) or sand and grits. These elements like sodium, chloride, ferrocyanide and other impurities seep into our environment when the snow or ice melts, and poses a threat to water bodies, soil, vegetation and large number of species sustaining on them (Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Road Salt). De-icing of the roads is, beyond a doubt, very essential, as it saves lives by preventing accidents, but there are more alternatives other than the use of road salt which I will also explain. This research paper explains how road salt acts as a de-icing agent and what factors promote its widespread use. The primary aim of this paper is to give an elaborate idea about how road salt damages our environment. It also provides a list of some safer alternatives which can be used for de-icing. Road salt does not allow the ice or snow to adhere to the pavement and form a hard pack. Sodium chloride can readily depress the freezing point of ice, so that the ice starts melting. Salt crystals can pull water molecules from ice crystals to form brine. The formation of brine facilitates the process of meting of ice. However, the rate of melting depends upon the temperature at that time. At temperatures below 15 ° F, sodium chloride cannot form solution efficiently; hence its efficiency is reduced. In fact, even if sodium chloride is applied at high rates at these temperatures, it cannot melt snow or ice effectively. Hence, people involved in road management should acquire knowledge about the current and expected temperatures (Road Salt and Water Quality, 1). Sodium chloride also prevents the formation of ice on roads. Depending upon the conditions, road salt is applied as either liquid or solid medium. When compared with other salts, sodium chloride is less expensive with an average cost of $50 $60 per ton. Some other characteristics like easy availability and ease in handling and storage make it a more commonly used de-icing agent. Salt as such is non-hazardous to the environment and does not degrade to produce harmful substances. Problem of bio-accumulation is also not associated with sodium chloride. Addition of an anti-caking agent like sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) in low levels (below 100mg/kg), prevents the salt from caking, and makes it readily usable during the winter months (Road Salt and Water Quality, 1) (De-Icing the Environment). When dissolved in melting ice or snow, road salt gets dissociated into 40 percent sodium ions (Na+) and 60 percent chloride ions (Cl-). Chloride settles down in the bottom of the water bodies because of its density and increased mobility. Chloride is completely soluble and mobile. At a concentration of 230 mg/l and above, chloride is toxic to aquatic life and affects vegetation and wild life. Chloride gets accumulated in the long run as no natural process can break it down or metabolize it. Chloride cannot be absorbed by the vegetation. Gradual accumulation of chloride has damaged many water bodies, by changing the taste of the water. On the other hand, sodium (Na+) ions are subjected to ion exchange. These ions can either bind to the negatively charged soil particles, hence altering the soil chemistry, or be taken up in biological processes. They promote the release of nutrients into the groundwater and surface water, hence affecting the aquatic environment. Anti-caking agents like ferrocyanide can also impact the human life and environment, when used in large quantities. Exposure to sunlight and action of certain types of bacteria stimulates the release of cyanide ions from these additives. This compound has been added to the list of toxic pollutants by USEPA in 2003. Soil gets impacted at every stage of de-icing. Improper maintenance of salt piles by road management people may contaminate the soil and vegetation growing on the road side, as they become saturated with road salt. In fact, wherever soil comes in contact with road salt for a long time, the soil chemistry gets altered by the exchange of sodium ions with other positively charged ions like, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. These exchanged ions are released into the ground water. This ion exchange also increases the mobilization of metals. The soil permeability is altered as the soil becomes impervious and water infiltration is blocked. The overall fertility of the soil gets reduced and the soil pH and stability are also affected. Excess of salt damages the soil biota, especially some bacteria, which participate in the structuring of the soil. As a result, the soil is subjected to erosion and increases the sediment in runoff (Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Road Salt). The primary impact of salt on plants is by the creation of the osmotic imbalances, due to which water absorption is inhibited and root growth is reduced. The uptake of nutrients by the plants is also affected, hence affecting the long term growth of the plants. Accumulation of chloride for a long time in plants leads to osmotic stress and the plant tissues get dehydrated similar to a drought-like condition. The germination of grass and wildflower seeds on the road side is also affected by the high salinity. As the penetration of air and water is hampered, the growth of the new plant shoots is also affected (Wegner and Yaggi). Deposition of salt on plants may add to the weight and promote tissue damage by local dehydration. The plants may physically break at these damaged points. Splashing and spraying of salt on the foliage of the plants leads to scorching of leaves, defoliation and dying of twigs. Degradation of vegetation indirectly affects the wild life, by damaging their habitat, food resources, breeding or nesting sites and shelter places. Mammals like deer and moose consume the salt crystals on the roadway, to remove their sodium deficiency. Strange behavioral abnormality like loss of fear of humans and vehicles is noticed in these animals when they drink salt-rich water. As a result, these animals succumb to vehicular accidents. Over consumption of salt by these animals increases the salt toxicity in their blood and tissues (Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Road Salt). Birds often consume the salt crystals as they are similar to seeds. Even small quantities of salt are toxic to birds, leading to their death. Studies have shown that even a single salt crystal can lead to behavioral abnormalities and these birds are more vulnerable to car strike (Wegner and Yaggi). Surface waters, rich in sodium chloride, could also be toxic to many aquatic species like fish, amphibians, insects, and macro invertebrates. An elevated level of chloride affects the growth, survival and reproduction of many species. Some toxic metals get released from the sediments in the presence of salt in water. As a result the oxygen gets reduced, which harms the growth of aquatic species. The distribution and cycling of oxygen and nutrients gets affected. The fresh water fish are mainly affected by the increase in the salt concentration and a drastic change in the species diversity is noticed (Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Road Salt) (Wegner and Yaggi). The salt on the highway seeps into the ground water in a number of ways like during runoff from the highways, migration of dissolved salt along with water to water table, during the melting of ice, etc. The presence of high salt content not only changes the taste but is also harmful to people suffering from hypertension, as they are advised to take low quantities of sodium. A concentration of sodium above 20 mg per liter of water is considered to be harmful by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Presence of chloride at high levels is not injurious to health, but the taste and odor of the water gets affected. Due to increase in salt concentrations, many water bodies and wells have been abandoned (Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Road Salt) (Wegner and Yaggi). Conductivity of water is enhanced by the presence of chloride ions and this increases the corrosion of bridges, buildings, etc. Many parts of the vehicles like brake linings, bumpers and the body get corroded. Huge cost is involved in the protection of the corrosion and repair of the damaged parts. Even though the use of road salt is hazardous, the use of better management practices can minimize the loss to the environment. Some other non-hazardous ways of treating snow and ice on roadways are: †¢ Salt or other de-icing chemicals should not be used to burn snow, rather snow or ice should be removed with mechanical devices like shovel, plow, etc. †¢ A thin layer of snow can be easily melted with the help of deicing agents. Hence, during the snow storm, a shovel should be used to remove as much of snow as possible. Later, the area should be properly swept, so that the remaining snow does not form ice making the area slippery. Ice on the surface can be scraped with the help of a flat hoe. These practices would minimize the use of de-icing agents. †¢ The equipment used for spreading should be calibrated so that optimum quantities of salt is released, minimizing the environmental impacts. †¢ Knowledge about the temperatures at which different materials used for de-icing are most effective is advantageous. †¢ Pre-wetting the salt with brine reduces the application rates by 20 percent. †¢ Proactive application of de-icing chemicals before the accumulation of snow or ice minimizes the quantity of chemicals required for de-icing. A mixture of salt and sand should not be applied as they work against each other. †¢ Sensitive areas like public water sources should be identified and safer alternatives to road salt should be used in these areas. †¢ Identification of salt sensitive vegetation and minimization of the use of de-icing agents containing chlorides can prevent the damage to the vegetation. †¢ During the storage of sand and salt, care should be taken to store them on impervious surfaced area, which is covered and has adequate drainage facility. This will prevent the run-off of these substances and accumulation in the water bodies. During loading, care should be taken to prevent the spilling of salt or sand. By better management one can minimize the loss to the environment and the search of safer alternatives might decrease the environmental impacts completely. Some chemicals have been used as road salt alternatives, but they were either used for a short duration or in limited quantities. The long term impact of these chemicals is yet to be studied. Some of these chemicals are: Calcium chloride – It is the second most commonly used de-icing agent and it can perform well at lower temperatures. It can be directly applied in liquid form and prevent the bonding of snow or ice to the pavement. However, some disadvantages like, difficulty in storing and handling, higher cost, environmental impact of chloride, tendency to corrode metals, have limited its use. Potassium chloride – It is a naturally occurring material but can damage concrete, damage the vegetation by burning leaves and inhibit plant growth It can prove to be hazardous to environment due to the presence of chloride. These disadvantages have limited the use of this material for de-icing (Road Salt and Water Quality, 4). Magnesium chloride – It shows faster action in comparison to sodium chloride and is effective in very cold conditions (at a temperature of 5 °F). However, incorrect application might lead to slippery condition and also shows corrosive action on metals. . Urea – It is a fertilizer and when used in huge quantities for de-icing, it can increase the nutrient content of the water systems, which might lead to eutrophication in future. It gets rapidly broken down into ammonia which gets released into the environment. It also shows corrosive action (Road Salt and Water Quality, 4). Potassium acetate – This material is biodegradable and has shown less environmental impact. It shows high performance and is less corrosive in nature. Except mild irritation after inhalation, no other health hazards have been recorded. This material depletes the oxygen from the aquatic ecosystems temporarily and might stimulate the growth of the plants. However, further research is required to ascertain the efficacy of the potassium acetate as road salt. Calcium Magnesium Acetate – This material is prepared by mixing limestone with acetic acid. It shows less negative effects on aquatic biota, soil and vegetation. The impact of this material on ground water has been noted to be less, when compared with sodium chloride. The main limiting factor associated with the use of potassium acetate and calcium magnesium acetate, is their huge cost. As they are costly and less accessible, they are presently being used on bridges as they show less corrosive action and in environmental sensitive areas. Research promoting the huge production of these materials can reduce the cost and prevent environmental hazards. Simultaneously, the long term impacts of these materials should also be analyzed (Wegner and Yaggi). Some natural substances show the capacity of de-icing, but generally they cannot be used commercially on a widespread manner. But initiatives taken from each home, depending upon the availability of these substances, can lessen the environmental impacts to some extent. These substances include: Sand –Many properties like inexpensive nature, no harmful impacts on the environment, easy sweeping capacity and tendency to provide traction, make it a better alternative to salt. Brick sand can better serve the purpose as it is granular and coarser than the regular sand. It is easily available at building supply stores. Sand can absorb sunlight and warm the ice or snow lying beneath. This will facilitate the faster melting of ice (Road Salts Alternatives). Ashes – People having a wood burning fireplace can use ashes as it is economical and convenient to use. Ashes also absorb sunlight and provide traction, hence increasing the rate at which ice melts. Cat litters – It is one of the expensive options but if it is available at home, it can be used (Road Salts Alternatives). Agricultural byproducts – Some agricultural byproducts obtained from corn have lower freezing point due to which they delay the process of the formation of ice crystals. However, they are not efficient in melting the snow or ice. These products can be used to prevent the formation of ice (Road Salt and Water Quality). De-icing is very essential to treat many roadways so everyday life can carry on, but it should not be at the cost of environment. We should be taking measures to preserve our environment, not damage it. Which is why we need to look for and use safer and environmental friendly alternatives for de-icing. C/R B. B

The Accident That Changed My Life Essay Example For Students

The Accident That Changed My Life Essay The Accident That Changed My LifeI used to read in the news about people getting in car accidents all the time. The trouble is, I never thought it could happen to me. I guess you could say that I saw myself as invincible. With the way Id been living my life, something was bound to happen eventually. I believe that everything in life happens for a reason. This is why my car accident changed my life. I was a second year senior at Independence High School. Most of my time was spent hanging out with my friends. My friends were the most important thing to me back then and I would bend over backwards for each and every one of them. Because of all the time I spent out with my friends, I barely spent any time at home with my family. I also had a hard time waking up to go to school in the morning. Things had gotten so bad that I would sometimes miss school for weeks at a time. Little did I know, that destiny had a big change in store for me!It was really late one night and I decided to go out. I went to pick up my friends and go to a party at some wharehouse. I remember having a lot of fun and laughing a lot with my friends. One of the people I was talking to had asked for a ride because his was leaving and I accepted. So now I was responsible for taking four people, including myself home. After I dropped off the first guy, I was making a left turn. When I saw I was in the clear, I went ahead and turned. All of a sudden, I saw a big car heading my way real fast. I sped up to get past the lane he was in and finish my turn, but it was too late. He smashed right into me on the drivers side. The impact bent the whole frame of my car, and I remember being able to touch the other drivers bumper from my window (which was now in a million pieces on the ground)! Luckily, my friends were okay and didnt have to stay the night at the hospital. I, on the other hand, was not so lucky! While my friends were able to leave, I was stuck there, in a coma. We will write a custom essay on The Accident That Changed My Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I had an outer body experience in that coma. I remember being surrounded by white, no other color but white. As I was floating down this path headed towards a bright white light, I began to hear a harmony of beautiful voices. They were almost an angelic chorus of high-pitched notes. All of a sudden (I was coming out of the coma.), the whiteness that surrounded me was starting to disappear like clouds fading away. When all the clouds were gone I was surrounded by about twenty familiar faces of those Id known and loved. As soon as I saw my mothers face, I just knew everything was going to be okay!It smelled like a hospital and my mouth was all dry and sticky like I hadnt moved it for days. Come to find out, I hadnt moved my mouth in two days! I really couldnt remember what happened or figure out why I was at the hospital. I was hooked up to a breathing machine, so I couldnt talk to anyone. The first thing I did was look at my mom for an explanation. She looked at me and said, Hi Kimmy. Youre in the hospital. Youve been in a serious car accident, but youre in good hands and youre gonna be alright. I knew that it was really hard to breathe beacause it hurt everytime I inhaled. Because I couldnt talk, I couldnt find out what was really wrong with me. So, I just waited patiently, knowing Id find out eventually. .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .postImageUrl , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:hover , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:visited , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:active { border:0!important; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:active , .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5 .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c959380c805612fd18fb72e0e34b4a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Revolt of Mother: The Power of Decision EssayI acknowledged everyone with a thumbs up. When I wanted to go to sleep, I waved my arm towards the door, so that people would know to leave. It was really difficult to cope with. I was lying in a hospital bed in ICU hooked up to all kinds of machines. The hardest thing, was not being able to talk to my dad when he flew up to visit me. I did however, get to speak with my father after they took the breathing tube out. When I was able to speak, I turned to look at my mom. The first thing I said was, Did you call work to tell them I cant come in? Mom said Yes, Lin called for you the day they brought you in here. Thanks!, I replied. Am I gonna be okay? I asked. Then, with such hope, she sighed and said, Kim, you are so strong, and youre such a fighter. I know you are going to be okay. Its going to take you some time to heal. But you are going to be just fine! I sure hope so. I am so glad you are here. Shouldnt you be at work or something? I asked. Youre not going to believe it, but no. Im not even allowed to sign on and check my e-mail. My boss gave me strict orders to take care of you first, as you and your brother are the two most important things in my life. Im here for you as long as you need me. I love you sweetheart., she replied. Thats great Mom. I love you too! Can you tell me whats really wrong with me now? I asked. She sadly looked at me and said, They have taken x-rays, and are running tests. We should be finding out the results pretty soon. While Id been in the coma, they were giving me a drug that made me have amnesia. This was to protect me remembering the traumatic experience Id been through long enough for me to heal emotionally. The doctors had instructed my mom not to tell me too much about what was wrong with me. She would only tell me one thing at a time. It wasnt until the fifth day that I was made aware of the extent of my injuries. The doctor told me I had lost a lot of blood and three blood transfusions were made (two of which were my own). I had broken five ribs which in turn punctured my lung and ruptured my spleen! Dr. Goldman had performed emergency surgery for the removal of my spleen. It suprisingly wasnt until the eighth day that I was made aware of my fractured hip and pelvic bones. On the tenth day, I was released from the hospital to spend the remainder of the school year and the entire summer at home recovering. I have to say that this was a major ordeal and even though so much bad stuff happened, Im so glad it did. I have turned my whole life around! I quit smoking cigarettes and everything else I took part in that hurt my body. Ive started to pay more attention to myself and what is important to me. School has become a great success so far and I intend to keep it that way. The best thing that happened, is the closeness my mom and I have to each other now. My family has become an issue in my life that I cant ignore anymore. I thank God for giving me my life and my family. I am a whole new extra-responsible person. For the first time in my life, I can actually say that Im proud of myself. If it werent for my accident I would still be on the right road headed in the wrong direction. Now that I have turned around, Im going the right way, and I dont intend on going back. .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .postImageUrl , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:hover , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:visited , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:active { border:0!important; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:active , .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8b31e13975879102a5d67cb2236832b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Government?s Integrity EssaySocial Issues Essays

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essay Example

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper The epithelial surfaces of the organic structure service as an effectual barrier against most micro-organisms, and they are quickly repaired if wounded. Adaptive unsusceptibility is initiated when an innate immune response fails to extinguish a new infection, whereby an activated antigen showing cells ( APCs ) bearing pathogen s antigens are delivered to the run outing lymphoid tissues. An adaptative immune response differs from the innate unsusceptibility in its ability to aim constructions that are specific to peculiar strains and discrepancies of pathogen. T cells are produced in the bone marrow. They are transported still, as pro-thymocytes to the Thymus where they undergo the procedure of ripening and choice. The ordinance of T cell ripening in the Thymus is termed central tolerance . During gestation, most T cells generated bear the gamma/deta T cell receptor ( TcR ) on their surface. In the grownup, most T cells bear the alpha/beta TcR. The freshly formed TcR so, has to be tested for acknowledgment of self-MHC/peptide. The T cells are tested at a phase of development known as dual positive, intending that they bear both CD4 and CD8 receptors on their surface. Cells with TcRs that recognize self-MHC/peptide with really low affinity will decease. This procedure is known as decease by disregard. Cells with TcRs with medium affinity for MHC receive endurance signals and undergo a procedure known as positive choice. Finally, cells which receive a high affinity signal via their TcR dice by programmed cell death, a procedure known as neg ative choice. Cells that interact with MHC category I become CD8 positive T cell, and those that interact with MHC category II become CD4 positive T cells, before migrating out into the peripheral lymphoid system ( Wood P, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mature B cells, like T cell, are besides develop signifier pluripotent root cells. However unlike T cells lymphocytes, B cell ripening occurs in the bone marrow. There are four different phases of B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells. During its development, B cells get B cell surface marker look such as B220, CD19, CD20, etc. every bit good as antigen receptors. The stromal cells run alonging the bone marrow provide indispensable growing signals to developing B cells, including cytokines such as IL7 and cell to cell contact, via VLA4/VCAM and Kit/SCF. During B cell development, cistron section rearrangements take topographic point, merely like in T cells where TcR rearrangements ( cardinal tolerance ) besides occur. However, for B cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistron venue ( variable-V, joining-J and diversity-D sections ) , situated on chromosome 14, rearranges. In hematopoietic root cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistrons are in germline constel lation ( Kurosaki T et al. , 2009 ) . As B cells develop to pro-B cells, a D-J recombination is the first cistron rearrangement to take topographic point. The intervening Deoxyribonucleic acid is usually deleted from the chromosome as a circle. Gene rearrangements are mediated by recombinase activitng cistrons, RAG proteins. As the development B cell returns from pro- to pre-B cell phase, a V-DJ cistron agreement takes topographic point to organize the VDJ cryptography block that encodes the variable sphere on the antibody heavy concatenation. Gene rearrangement takes topographic point on both transcripts of chromosome 14 in a development B cell, but one time a productive VDJ block has been assembled on one chromosome 14, rearrangement ceases on the other chromosome, guaranting merely one type of Ig is produced by any individual B cell. This procedure is known as allelomorphic exclusion. If a development B cell fails to do a productive VDJ block, it will neglect to bring forth antib ody heavy concatenation and dice in the bone marrow ( Murphy K et Al, 2008 ) . T and B cell activation: T cell activation takes topographic point in run outing lymph nodes ( besides spleen ) near to site of infection. T cell recognizes antigen on MHC ( Major Histocompatibility Complex ) molecules becomes activated and differentiates to effector cells. Effector T cells migrate to site of infection and transport out effector maps. The T lymphocytes arrive through venulas, and cross through the endothelial to the lymph nodes. Antigen showing cells such ( APC ) such as dendritic cells, and macrophages presented antigens to T cells. On acknowledgment of the antigen, a low affinity interaction is formed. These T cells so leave lymph node though the lymphatic system. Those T cells that recognize the antigen s wall with high affinity will be retained and the procedure of proliferation and distinction occurs. However, initial B cell activation takes topographic point in T cell zone of secondary lymphatic tissues ( i.e. in lyhmph nodes ) . Mostly IgM bring forthing plasma cells are produced at t his province. B cells, unlike T cells, are activated by the ineraction with antigen-specific T cell, by linked acknowledgment. Antigen-activated B cell migrates to B cell country of lymph nodes to organize organized originative Centres, where extra B cell distinction procedures take topographic point. It is of import to observe that T cells recognize the peptide, while B cells recognize the coat protein. For T and B lymph cell activation 2 signals are hypothesized to be required. First, the antigen stimulus signal and secondly, the co-stimulatory stimulation. The absence of the 2nd signal consequences in anergy or programmed cell death. CD28/B7 interaction is the co-stimulatory signals for T cells while CD40/CD40 ligand, on the activated T cells, interaction is for B cells. For both T and B lymph cells, in it resting G0 cell rhythm, the cell appear to hold a big karyon, with small cytol and demo small grounds of cell organs. However, when these cells enter G1/S/G2 cell rhythm, cell shows an addition in cell size, chromatin de-condensation is seen. Cell division occurs quickly, bring forthing effecter cells of either T or B lymph cells. Effector T cells include Th1, Th2 and T regulative, every bit good as T cytotoxic cell and memory T cells. On the other manus, effecter B cells include plasma cell and memory B cell. T and B cell effecter maps: B cell response to T-dependent protein antigen consequences in originative Centres formation in B cell countries of lymph nodes, and specialised procedures such as Ig class-switching, bodily mutant and affinity ripening, memory B cell and plasma cell coevals take topographic point at that place. Emerging form originative Centres are somatically mutated and class-switched B cells, which no longer merely bring forth IgM. Memory B cells are durable, resting and re-circulating cells, responsible for immunisation portion which helpto generate rapid and vigorous immune response on 2nd brush for that specific antigen. Plamablast cells migrate to other sites such as bone marrow, and go plasma cells, bring forthing big sums of secreted antibody. Some of which can populate for long periods. The effecter maps of B cells refer to what antibodies do after their contact with the antigen. The antibody effecter maps include neutralisation, complement arrested development ( IgM, IgG1/2/3 ) , oposoniz ation and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, T cell effecter maps differ significantly from B cell effecter maps. Antigen showing cells present peptide via MHC which can either interact with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Helper T cells are defined by the cytokines they produce. Naive CD4+ T cells ( Th0 ) , on interaction with APC, can distinguish to Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokine environment. Th1 cells co-ordinate inflammatory immune responses to intracellular pathogens while Th2 cells aid B cells to do antibodies required for immune responses to extracellular pathogens, this is known as humoral unsusceptibility. Th1 and Th2 cells both act to advance the coevals of more leucocytes. Besides Th0/Th1/Th2, other CD4+ T cell subsets exist ( Zhu J et al. , 2010 ) . Resting T cells can distinguish into activated assistant T cell, every bit good as activated cytotoxic T cell ( CD8+ T cell ) . Initially, CD8+ T cells interact with possible mark cells via low affinity/non-specific interactions between adhesion molecules on the T cell ( LFA-1 and CD2 ) and the mark cell ( ICAM1, ICAM2 ) . This interaction has no consequence on the cytoskeleton of the T cell and is a transeunt interaction unless acknowledgment of specific peptide: MHC composites occurs. If peptide: MHC I complex is present, the affinity of the adhesion molecule interaction additions and there is constellating of T cell receptor and associated molecules at the point of contact with the mark cell organizing the immunological synapse. This besides signals for cytoskeletal rearrangements organized by the microtubule forming complex which focuses the cytotoxic granules of the T cell at the point of contact with the mark. Notice here, that T cells, unlike B cells do non bring forth antibodies against antigens. Granules incorporating perforin and other enzymes including granzymes are released and bring on the activation of the cathepsin tracts in the mark cell taking to apoptosis. CD8+ T cells can besides kill mark cells via the Fas/FasL t ract which besides induces programmed cell death ( Peter EJ 2007 ) . In decision, adaptative immune responses occur when single lymphocytes capable of reacting to antigen proliferate and differentiate to go an antigen-specific effecter cells and memory cells. The procedure of lymph cell cell rhythm patterned advance, proliferation and distinction in response to antigen and stimulation is known as lymphocyte activation. B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor ( BCR ) with antigen and finally consequences in the production of protective antibodies against potentially infective encroachers. While naif or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extended clonal enlargement. In human, this type of proliferation is reasonably alone to cells of the adaptative immune system and requires a considerable outgo of energy and cellular resources.

Cats Essays - Cats, Cat, Dog, Cat Health, Dog Health, Cat Training

Cats Essays - Cats, Cat, Dog, Cat Health, Dog Health, Cat Training Cats One of the reason I would choose cat is because they are cleaner and neater than dogs. Cats wash themselves by their tongues most of the time, so they don?t smell and they always look clean. While the dog, if it wasn?t given a shower at least once a week, it would smell as well as the house. Another reason why cats are clean is because they poop and piss in one designated place in the house which is called the litter box, once that box is shown to the cat, it will use it reguraly. Unlike the dog, that needs to be walked out at least twice a day to get its things done, and whoever walking it has to pick up the waste after him, so cats are less work than dogs. Cats are more quiet and peaceful than dogs. They don?t meow all the time and they don?t meow at the visitors at home, they do so only if they are hungry or in pain . Whereas dogs bark whenever they hear someone knocking the door or they see someone around the house. But sometimes, they just bark with no reason which is annoying for the neighbors, and sometimes they get too excited and bite whoever is passing by, which can put his keeper in deep trouble. Another reason I prefer cats rather than dogs is that cat independent. As I stated before, cats don?t need to be taken out for a walk, so it?s okay if they are left home alone for couple for day but with enough food and water. By contrast, dogs always need someone to be next to them even if they have enough food and water because they need space where they run and play. Some people prefer to own dogs thinking that dogs would protect them from robberies since they have a high sense of smell and hearing which is something I agree with, but only the trained dogs that can smell and tell if there is any danger around and even if they heard something and started barking, they might be ignored since they bark all the time. Finally, cats will not destroy the furniture because there is a tall scratching thing that can be put for them in a corner of the house to use it whenever feel to like scratching, therefore they will leave the furniture alone. Cats are more favorable to be a home pet than dogs since they are low maintenance and good companions. It?s the perfect pet for someone who has less space and time. Yet many people who have plenty space and time still want a cat in their home because they love its characters. Citations

Great engineering acheivement ( airplanes ) Essay

Great engineering acheivement ( airplanes ) - Essay Example This paper aims at examining the timeline of the development of the airplane, the contribution of various engineers to this achievement and how airplanes have improved lives. In addition, this paper will examine some of the possible future developments on airplanes. The history of the development of the airplane dates back to the late nineteenth century when a German engineer named Otto Lilienthal started to experiment with gliders (National Academy of Engineering, 2014). During the same period, Octave Chanute, an American engineer also experimented with multiple gliders. Through these early experiments, Lilienthal and Chanute demonstrated that it was possible to have a controlled device in floating in air. In 1901, a gasoline-powered version of the tandem-winged aerodrome was built by Samuel Langley. In 1903, the Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright made the first powered and piloted flight in North Carolina. On this day, Wilbur flew for 852 over the ground in about 59 seconds. Ludwig Prandtl, a German professor, presented a paper in 1904 that described the concept of the ‘boundary layer’ (National Academy of Engineering, 2014). This is the molecular layer of air that is found on an aircraft’s wing. This paper was an important contribution in the study of aerodynamics. Eugene Ely piloted a Curtiss biplane on a takeoff from a ship in 1910. The following year, he was able to take off from shore and landed on a ship in California. These early planes required the assistance of the pilot to make them stable and travel in a straight line. The concept of the gyrostabilizer was introduced in 1914 by Lawrence Sperry. The gyrostabilizer was used to stabilize the plane and make it fly in a straight line without the assistance of a pilot. In 1916, Sperry, with the help of his father Elmer, demonstrated the first automatic pilot. Starting 1914 to 1918, many improvements in the structure and control of the airplane were